Delegated Legislation | English Legal System - İngiliz Hukukunda Devredilmiş Mevzuat

 

Delegated Legislation in the English Legal System

Introduction

This briefing document summarises the key concepts of delegated legislation within the English legal system, as presented in the provided source. The source contrasts delegated legislation with primary legislation, highlighting its function, different forms, and relationship to parliamentary sovereignty. While the focus of the source is not on an in-depth analysis of delegated legislation, it aims to introduce the topic and give a basic understanding of the various forms this legislation takes in the UK.

Key Themes and Ideas

• Delegated Legislation Defined: The source defines delegated legislation as law made not by Parliament, but by an individual or organisation that has been granted the authority to do so by an Act of Parliament. This is a key distinction, separating primary lawmaking (Parliament) from secondary lawmaking (other bodies given power to legislate by Parliament).
• "A piece of delegated legislation is the process by which law is made not by Parliament but by a particular individual or organization on the basis of authority which is granted to them by Parliament by a piece of primary legislation."
• Enabling Legislation: Primary legislation, passed by Parliament, that grants the authority to create delegated legislation is referred to as enabling legislation. It provides the framework and limits for the secondary lawmaking.
• "Within this relationship you see that primary legislation is sometimes referred to as the enabling legislation because what it does is it enables the delegated legislation to exist"
• Parliamentary Sovereignty: The source addresses concerns that delegated legislation might undermine parliamentary sovereignty. It notes that even though law is not passed directly by Parliament, delegated legislation is still regulated by acts of Parliament, and is subordinate to primary legislation. This is key, as it means that Parliament retains ultimate power.
• "The answer to that question is of course no because even though it goes through the privy Council and under the authorities of government it is still regulated by a number of pieces of legislation that is passed by parliament"
• Efficiency and Flexibility: Delegated legislation is presented as a way to address issues that need quick and adaptable changes without having to go through the full process of primary legislation. It provides efficiency.
• "Some of the reasons why this is so useful is because there's lots of Regulation that may take place that may require um reform or or or law makinging be done in a quite quick and simple manner"

Three Main Types of Delegated Legislation

The source identifies three primary forms of delegated legislation:

1. Orders in Council:

• Made by the Privy Council (Prime Minister and senior government members).
• Used by the government to pass laws without the direct, explicit consent of Parliament, although it does require an act of parliament to grant it power.
• They're used in specific circumstances regulated by enabling legislation.
• The source uses the Civil Contingencies Act of 2004 as an example of enabling legislation for Orders in Council that allow the government to make law during a state of emergency.
• "...we have the Civil contingencies Act of 2004 that is the enabling legislation that is the primary legislation that is passed by Parliament that allows for the privy Council to make law in a state of emergency"

1. Statutory Instruments:

• Rules created by specific government ministers within their areas of policy.
• Ministers are authorized to do this under a specific piece of enabling primary legislation.
• The source uses the example of the Ministry of Justice making changes to police codes of practice under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) as a relevant and important example.
• "A good example of a statutory instrument is the ministry for justice making changes to the police codes of practice under the police and criminal Evidence Act"

1. Bylaws:

• Laws made by local authorities and councils.
• Typically regulate matters of local concern (e.g. parking restrictions, cycle lanes)
• Councils are subjected to Parliament, and their ability to make bylaws is granted by enabling legislation.
• "...things like parking restrictions or cycle Lanes um these are going to be obviously regulated by the council"

Key Facts & Important Takeaways

• Delegated legislation is a significant element of the English legal system.
• It allows for a more flexible and responsive approach to lawmaking than relying solely on primary legislation passed by Parliament.
• While not made directly by Parliament, delegated legislation is still subject to parliamentary oversight and authority through enabling legislation.
• Understanding the different forms of delegated legislation, particularly Orders in Council, Statutory Instruments, and Bylaws, is vital for comprehending how law is made and implemented in the UK.

Conclusion

The source provides an introduction to delegated legislation, showing its various forms and explaining how it interacts with and is subordinate to primary legislation within the English Legal System. It should be understood, that it is a crucial element of the legal system that facilitates the practical application of the law. This summary provides a foundation for further exploration of the topic.

Bu belge, İngiliz Hukuk Sistemi içinde "Delegated Legislation" (Devredilmiş Mevzuat) konusunu ele alan bir kaynağın incelenmesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Belge, devredilmiş mevzuatın ne olduğunu, türlerini ve önemini vurgulamaktadır. Kaynak, konuyu İngiliz hukuk sistemi bağlamında ele almaktadır.

Ana Temalar ve Önemli Fikirler:

• Delegated Legislation Tanımı:Delegated legislation, kanun yapma yetkisinin Parlamento tarafından bir kişi veya kuruluşa devredilmesiyle oluşan mevzuattır.
• Kaynakta şöyle denmektedir: "a piece of delegated legislation is the process by which law is made not by Parliament but by a particular individual or organization on the basis of authority which is granted to them by Parliament by a piece of primary legislation."
• Enabling Legislation (Yetkilendirme Mevzuatı):Devredilmiş mevzuatın varlığını ve oluşturulmasını sağlayan ana mevzuat "enabling legislation" olarak adlandırılır.
• "within this relationship you see that primary legislation is sometimes referred to as the enabling legislation because what it does is it enables the delegated legislation to exist."
• Delegated Legislation Türleri:Orders in Council (Bakanlar Kurulu Kararnameleri):Başbakan ve diğer yüksek hükümet yetkililerinden oluşan Privy Council tarafından çıkarılır.
• "orders in Council are made by the privy Council um the privy council is made up of the Prime Minister and other higher authorities within government."
• Parlamentonun doğrudan onayı olmadan kanun çıkarma imkanı sağlar, ancak bu yetki enabling legislation ile sınırlıdır.
• Örneğin, Civil Contingencies Act 2004, Privy Council'in acil durumlarda kanun yapmasına izin verir.
• Statutory Instruments (Yasal Düzenlemeler):Belirli bir politika alanındaki hükümet bakanları tarafından oluşturulan yasa ve kurallardır.
• "statutary instruments are laws and rules which are created by specific government ministers under a particular policy field."
• Primary legislation tarafından yetkilendirilir.
• Hızlı ve basit bir şekilde düzenleme yapılmasına olanak tanır.
• Örneğin, Adalet Bakanlığı'nın Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) kapsamında polis davranış kurallarında değişiklik yapması.
• Bylaws (Yerel Yönetmelikler):Yerel yetkililer ve belediyeler tarafından çıkarılan kanunlardır.
• "a bylaw is simply a type of law that can be made by local authorities and local councils."
• Yerel düzeyde düzenlemeler yapılmasına olanak tanır (örneğin, park yasakları, bisiklet yolları).
• Parlamento tarafından düzenlenir ve ona tabidir.
• Delegated Legislation'ın Önemi:Parlamento'nun iş yükünü hafifletir.
• Hızlı ve esnek düzenlemeler yapılmasına olanak tanır.
• Yerel ihtiyaçlara uygun çözümler üretilmesini sağlar.

Olası Eleştiriler:

• Delegated Legislation, Parlamenter egemenliği zayıflatabilir mi? Kaynakta, bu endişenin yersiz olduğu, çünkü devredilmiş mevzuatın her zaman Parlamento tarafından çıkarılan "enabling legislation" ile düzenlendiği vurgulanmaktadır.
• Devredilmiş mevzuatın denetimi nasıl sağlanır?

Sonuç:

Devredilmiş mevzuat, İngiliz hukuk sisteminin önemli bir parçasıdır. Parlamento'nun iş yükünü azaltırken, hızlı ve esnek düzenlemeler yapılmasına ve yerel ihtiyaçlara uygun çözümler üretilmesine olanak tanır. "Enabling legislation" ile sıkı bir şekilde düzenlenmesi, parlamenter egemenliğin korunmasını sağlar.

Türkçe Açıklama:

Bu brifing belgesi, İngiliz Hukuk Sisteminde "Devredilmiş Mevzuat" olarak bilinen kavramı özetlemektedir. Devredilmiş mevzuat, Parlamento'nun kanun yapma yetkisini başka kişi veya kurumlara devretmesi sonucu ortaya çıkan yasal düzenlemelerdir. Bu belge, bu mevzuat türünün ne olduğunu, çeşitlerini ve önemini vurgulamaktadır. Belge, devredilmiş mevzuatın, Parlamento'nun iş yükünü azaltarak daha hızlı ve esnek düzenlemeler yapılmasına olanak sağladığını ve yerel ihtiyaçlara uygun çözümler üretilmesine yardımcı olduğunu belirtmektedir. Ayrıca, devredilmiş mevzuatın Parlamenter egemenliği zayıflatabileceği endişesi ele alınmakta ve bu tür mevzuatın her zaman Parlamento tarafından çıkarılan bir "yetkilendirme yasası" ile düzenlendiği vurgulanmaktadır. Bu sayede, Parlamento'nun kontrolü korunmaktadır.

Parliamentary Law-Making | English Legal System - İngiliz Hukuk Sistemi - Parlamento Tarafından Yasa Yapımı

 

UK Parliamentary Law-Making

Date: 27th October 2023

Introduction:

This document provides a summary of the UK’s parliamentary law-making process, based on the provided excerpt. It covers the structure of Parliament, the roles of the House of Commons and House of Lords, and the early stages of policy development leading to legislation. The primary focus is on how statutes are created within the Westminster system.

Key Themes & Ideas:

1. Democratic Basis of Law-Making:

• The UK’s constitutional framework emphasizes that law-making should be done through democratic means, a principle developed over time rather than through revolution.
• While common law (judge-made law) exists, the focus of this source is on statute law, created through Parliament.
• The UK system contrasts with the US where there was a specific revolution that established the current system.
• “...the concept of democracy is one that is deeply enshrined within the…lawmaking process of the UK’s constitution…”

1. Bicameralism:

• The UK Parliament operates under a system of bicameralism, meaning it is composed of two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
• This is similar to other legislatures such as the US Congress but the UK system is not unique and other systems may have more (or fewer) chambers.
• “...bicameralism tells us…the legislature…is divided into two Chambers.”

1. The House of Commons:

• The House of Commons is the primary, democratically elected chamber of Parliament.
• It consists of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs), each representing a specific constituency across the UK.
• “...the United Kingdom is divided into…650 different…sectors…every single constituency has one Member of Parliament…”
• The political party with the majority of MPs in the House of Commons is conventionally invited by the Crown to form the government.
• “the political party that has the largest majority in the House of Commons is the one which will be invited by convention by the crown to form a government.”
• The government, by virtue of having a majority, largely controls the legislative agenda. This ties in with the notion of democratic legitimacy.
• "... the government…essentially controls the…timetable and the schedule for…parliament's legislative agenda."

1. The House of Lords:

• The House of Lords is the unelected ‘upper’ chamber of Parliament.
• “The House of Lords…is…the unelected branch of the Westminster Parliament.”
• Although colloquially referred to as the 'upper house', it has significantly less power than the House of Commons.
• “...the House of Lords actually has very little power compared that to the commons.”
• Historically, the House of Lords was more powerful but its powers have diminished over time as the concept of democratic legitimacy grew.
• “Historically the House of Lords was particularly powerful…but over…many centuries…the power of the House of Commons begins to grow…”
• The House of Lords has limited ability to block legislation, particularly due to the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949.
• The Salisbury convention further limits the Lords' power, preventing them from blocking legislation that was part of the governing party’s manifesto.
• “...the Salsbury convention tells us…a piece of legislation which is part of the winning party's Manifesto…the House of Lords cannot block that piece of legislation…”

1. Early Stages of Law-Making: Green and White Papers

• Government ministers are supported by civil servants who advise them on policy matters.
• “...government ministers will have a civil service employee…set of employees and the Civil Service will then be able to work for them…”
• The process of policy development leading to legislation involves various stages and is a long process.
• Before legislation is drafted, the government publishes "Green Papers" for consultation which seek to provide the government with some guidance on policy directions.
• “...a green paper is simply a document which outlines a topic of policy or of law reform… supposed to essentially give the government a certain amount of guidance as to the direction of which that policy ought to go.”
• These are followed by “White Papers” which present a more substantial, firm position on government policy.
• “...a white paper…is supposed to be a far more substantial position on what the government believes to be the correct course of action…”
• White papers serve as the foundation for drafting formal legislation, or 'bills'.

1. Role of the Crown:

• The source notes that the Crown (as it is currently) is responsible for inviting a particular political party to form a government.
• “... the conservative government was invited by the then queen of of the United Kingdom to go and um form a government in her name."
• The source also noted that the Royal Assent is a key stage in turning a bill into a piece of legislation.
• “...the role of the Crown in turning a bill into a piece of legislation through the conventional process of of Royal Ascent”

Conclusion:

The UK's law-making process is a complex system involving a blend of democratic principles and historical traditions. Parliament, composed of the elected House of Commons and the unelected House of Lords, is at the heart of this process. The transition from policy ideas to actual legislation is a multi-stage process that includes consultation and the publication of green and white papers. The process reflects the principle that law-making should, in the main, be done through democratically elected institutions. The key point is that the House of Commons holds the dominant role in the creation of legislation.

İngiliz Hukuk Sistemi - Parlamento Tarafından Yasa Yapımı

Bu brifing dokümanı, "Parliamentary Law-Making | English Legal System" başlıklı kaynaktan elde edilen bilgilere dayanarak, İngiliz hukuk sisteminde parlamentonun yasa yapma sürecini ana hatlarıyla özetlemektedir.

Ana Temalar:

• Demokratik Yasa Yapımı: İngiltere'de yasa yapımı, demokratik yöntemlerle gerçekleşir. Bu prensip, uzun yıllar içinde gelişmiş ve İngiliz Anayasası'nda derin kökler salmıştır.
• Parlamentonun Rolü: Statü yasaları (statutes) ve mevzuat (legislation), Parlamento aracılığıyla oluşturulur.
• Bicameralism (İki Meclislilik): İngiliz Parlamentosu, "bicameral" bir yapıya sahiptir, yani iki ayrı meclisten oluşur: Avam Kamarası (House of Commons) ve Lordlar Kamarası (House of Lords). Bu yapı, diğer ülkelerin yasama organlarına benzerlik gösterir (örneğin, ABD Kongresi).
• Avam Kamarası (House of Commons): Demokratik olarak seçilen 650 milletvekilinden (MPs) oluşur. Her milletvekili, bir seçim bölgesini temsil eder. En büyük çoğunluğa sahip olan siyasi parti, hükümeti kurma yetkisini alır ve yasama gündemini büyük ölçüde kontrol eder.
• Lordlar Kamarası (House of Lords): Seçilmemiş bir üst meclistir. Tarihsel olarak daha güçlü olmasına rağmen, günümüzde Avam Kamarası'na göre daha az yetkiye sahiptir. Lordlar Kamarası'nın yasaları engelleme yetkisi, Parlamento Yasaları (Parliament Acts) ve anayasal gelenekler ile sınırlanmıştır.
• Yeşil ve Beyaz Kitaplar (Green and White Papers): Hükümet politikalarının geliştirilmesi sürecinde önemli bir rol oynarlar. Yeşil kitaplar, politika veya yasa reformu konularını özetleyen ve danışma amaçlı rehberlik sağlayan belgelerdir. Beyaz kitaplar ise, hükümetin belirli bir konuda izlenecek doğru eylem planına ilişkin daha somut ve kapsamlı pozisyonunu ortaya koyar. Yeşil kitaplar, beyaz kitaplara dönüşebilir ve bu süreç, yasal düzenlemelere giden yolu açar.

En Önemli Fikirler/Olgular:

• Demokratik Legitimacy (Demokratik Meşruiyet): "it makes sense to suggest that the political party which was voted in as having the largest majority in the House of Commons commands the largest majority of support from the population of the United Kingdom and so as a result of which they ought to have uh the majority say in terms of The reigns of the legislative agenda." (Avam Kamarası'nda en büyük çoğunluğu elde eden siyasi partinin, Birleşik Krallık nüfusunun çoğunluğunun desteğini aldığı ve dolayısıyla yasama gündeminde çoğunluk sözüne sahip olması gerektiği mantıklıdır.)
• Salisbury Convention (Salisbury Sözleşmesi): "the Salsbury convention tells us that when we talk about uh a piece of legislation which is part of the winning party's Manifesto the convention is that the House of Lords cannot block that piece of legislation because not only are you in doing so blocking the legislation itself but you're also technically blocking the will of the people." (Salisbury Sözleşmesi, kazanan partinin seçim beyannamesinin bir parçası olan bir yasa söz konusu olduğunda, Lordlar Kamarası'nın bu yasayı engelleyemeyeceğini belirtir, çünkü bunu yapmak sadece yasanın kendisini engellemekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda teknik olarak halkın iradesini de engeller.)
• Green Papers (Yeşil Kitaplar): "a green paper is simply a document which outlines a topic of policy or of law reform um and essentially what that is supposed to do is try to provide the government with some kind of consultative guidance on the issue of that particular policy." (Yeşil kitap, basitçe bir politika veya yasa reformu konusunu özetleyen bir belgedir ve esasen hükümete bu belirli politika konusundaki danışma amaçlı rehberlik sağlamayı amaçlar.)
• White Papers (Beyaz Kitaplar): "a white paper on the other hand is then published and is supposed to be a far more substantial position on what the government believes to be the correct course of action in a particular set of circumstances." (Beyaz kitap ise yayınlanır ve hükümetin belirli bir durumdaki doğru eylem planı olduğuna inandığı konularda daha somut bir pozisyon sunması beklenir.)

Özet:

Bu kaynak, İngiliz hukuk sisteminde yasa yapma sürecinin temel ilkelerini ve adımlarını ana hatlarıyla açıklamaktadır. Parlamentonun demokratik yapısı, Avam Kamarası ve Lordlar Kamarası'nın rolleri ve yeşil/beyaz kitaplar gibi önemli belgeler, bu sürecin anlaşılması için kritik öneme sahiptir.

Bu doküman, İngiliz hukuk sisteminin temel özelliklerine kısa bir giriş sunmaktadır. Daha derinlemesine bir anlayış için ek kaynaklar incelenmelidir.

A.V. Dicey and the Rule of Law | English Legal System - A.V. Dicey'nin Hukukun Üstünlüğü Teorisi

 

A.V. Dicey and the Rule of Law

Introduction:

This briefing document outlines A.V. Dicey’s influential interpretation of the rule of law, a cornerstone concept in the English legal system. Dicey, a prominent legal mind of the late 1800s, didn't attempt a single, succinct definition of the rule of law, but rather identified three core principles that, when taken together, constitute it. This document will detail these principles and their implications.

Key Concepts:

Dicey's theory of the rule of law is presented as a counterpoint to arbitrary power. He argues that the rule of law acts as a bulwark against tyranny and ensures a fair and just legal system. His interpretation of the rule of law is based on the following three pillars:

1. Lack of Arbitrary Power:

• Core Idea: The state's power is not absolute; it is limited by law. The law not only governs citizens but also restricts what the state can and cannot do.
• Quote: "the law does not establish uh just establish sorry the limits on what people in society can and cannot do but the law also sets limitations on what the state can and cannot do."
• Implications: Actions taken by the state beyond their legal authority are considered ultra vires, and the law can step in to hold them accountable. This principle is enforced through mechanisms like judicial review, which scrutinises state actions.
• Importance: Dicey's principle here prevents despotic or dictatorial rule and protects fundamental democratic principles. It’s about ensuring that government is by law, not just through law.

1. Equality Before the Law:

• Core Idea: The law must be applied equally to all, without discrimination.
• Quote: "it means that not only is the law equal in itself but that the law applies in an equal manner it must apply to everyone equally".
• Implications: The law must be universal in its application (e.g., criminal law applies to all) and must treat all individuals equally regardless of wealth, race, or gender. This includes applying the law to those who are not the intended target, for example company law doesn’t apply to individuals without a company.
• Monarchy's Constitutional Position: The monarch is constitutionally considered above the law (as the source of the law), but in practice, the law is generally applied to them as well, maintaining the principle of equality. There are exceptions.
• Importance: Equality before the law is vital to ensuring a fair and just legal system, and preventing some people having preferential treatment.

1. Supremacy of the Law:

• Core Idea: The law is supreme; it holds ultimate authority.
• Quote: "...the law is is supreme and the law has Supreme sovereignty and authority..."
• Implications: Dicey ties this principle to the concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty, where Parliament is the supreme law-making authority and can make or unmake any law it chooses. Although, historically the principle was not so focussed on Parliament.
• Scope: This was originally meant to apply to ‘the law’ in a broad sense, and today includes statutory provisions, which have become very important sources of law.
• Importance: This ensures that all entities, including the government and individuals, are subject to and governed by law. Parliament is able to create these laws.
• Note although ‘the law’ is the supreme authority this is intertwined with parliamentary sovereignty, which means that it is the laws that Parliament create that are supreme and nothing is above their ability to create them.

Interconnectedness of Principles:

It is crucial to understand that these three principles work in conjunction with each other to constitute the rule of law. The lack of arbitrary power prevents the state from being above the law, equality ensures it applies fairly, and the supremacy of the law establishes its ultimate authority.

Conclusion:

A.V. Dicey's interpretation of the rule of law provides a foundational framework for understanding the English legal system. His emphasis on limited government, equality, and legal supremacy has been highly influential. While some aspects of his theory have been debated and reinterpreted over time, his principles remain relevant to contemporary discussions about the rule of law and its importance in maintaining a just and democratic society.

A.V. Dicey'nin Hukukun Üstünlüğü Teorisi: Briefing Belgesi

Bu belge, A.V. Dicey'nin hukukun üstünlüğü teorisini özetlemektedir. Dicey, hukukun üstünlüğünü İngiliz hukuk sistemi ve anayasa hukuku alanında önemli bir figür olarak kabul edilir. Onun yorumu, bu prensibi anlamak için yaygın olarak başvurulan bir yaklaşımdır.

Ana Temalar:

• Hukukun Üstünlüğünün Tanımı Zorluğu: Kaynak, hukukun üstünlüğünü kesin ve net bir şekilde tanımlamanın zor olduğunu belirtir. Bu nedenle, Dicey gibi düşünürler, hukukun üstünlüğünü oluşturan temel prensipleri belirlemeye odaklanmışlardır.
• Dicey'nin Üç İlkesi: Dicey'ye göre hukukun üstünlüğü, üç ana ilkenin birleşimiyle oluşur:
• Keyfi Gücün Yokluğu: Devletin yetkileri sınırlıdır ve keyfi hareket edemez.
• Kanun Önünde Eşitlik: Kanun herkese eşit uygulanmalıdır.
• Kanunun Üstünlüğü: Kanun, her şeyin üstündedir ve en yüksek otoritedir.

En Önemli Fikirler ve Gerçekler:

• Keyfi Gücün Yokluğu: Devletin yetkilerinin sınırlandırılması, bireylerin haklarını korur ve diktatörlük veya despotizme karşı bir güvence oluşturur. Devletin yetkilerini aşması durumunda ("ultra vires" olarak bilinir), hukuk devreye girerek devleti sorumlu tutabilir. Bu, özellikle idare hukuku ve yargısal denetim yoluyla gerçekleştirilir.
• "...where the state is acting beyond their power they are said to be acting beyond their Authority the Latin phraseology for this is to be acting ultrair and if they are acting ultrair then the law can step in and hold them to account..."
• Kanun Önünde Eşitlik: Hukukun herkese eşit uygulanması, ayrımcılığın önlenmesi ve adaletin sağlanması açısından kritiktir. Kişinin zenginliği, ırkı, cinsiyeti veya diğer özellikleri, hukuk önünde farklı muamele görmesine neden olmamalıdır.
• "...it means that it does not matter how rich an individual is how poor they may be whether they are black or white male or female uh they must be treated equal equally under the law."
• Monarşi ve Eşitlik: Kaynak, monarşinin konumuyla ilgili ilginç bir tartışmaya değinir. Teoride, hükümdarın kanunların üzerinde olduğu kabul edilirken, pratikte kanunlara uyması beklenir. Bu, egemenliğin nerede yattığı sorusunu gündeme getirir.
• Kanunun Üstünlüğü ve Parlamento Egemenliği: Kanunun üstünlüğü, Dicey'nin zamanında parlamentonun yasa yapma yetkisinin artmasıyla birlikte parlamenter egemenlikle bağlantılı hale gelmiştir. Günümüzde, parlamento yasaları en yüksek otorite olarak kabul edilir ve parlamento istediği yasayı yapabilir veya değiştirebilir. Ancak, Dicey'nin bu ilkesi, kanunun genel olarak en yüksek otorite olduğunu vurgular, bu da parlamentonun yetkisinin de kanuna dayandığı anlamına gelir.
• "...Parliament has the ability to make and unmake any law they so choose..."
• Yargısal Denetim: Devletin yetkilerini aşması durumunda (ultra vires hareket etmesi), yargısal denetim mekanizması devreye girerek devleti sorumlu tutabilir. Bu, idarenin keyfi uygulamalarına karşı önemli bir güvencedir.

Sonuç:

A.V. Dicey'nin hukukun üstünlüğü teorisi, modern hukuk sistemlerinin temel prensiplerini anlamak için hala geçerli ve önemlidir. Keyfi gücün sınırlandırılması, kanun önünde eşitlik ve kanunun üstünlüğü ilkeleri, hukukun üstünlüğünün temel bileşenlerini oluşturur ve adil ve demokratik bir toplumun işleyişi için gereklidir.

The Rule of Law | English Legal System - Hukukun Üstünlüğü: İngiliz Hukuk Sistemi Esasları

 

The Rule of Law in the English Legal System

Introduction

This document summarises the key concepts related to the rule of law as discussed in the provided source, which focuses on the English legal system and its foundational principles. The source highlights the complex and somewhat abstract nature of the rule of law, emphasising its importance and the ongoing scholarly debate surrounding its precise definition. It makes clear the rule of law will be examined on at least two occasions in the coming weeks, as part of the legal system and also as a fundamental constitutional theory.

Key Themes and Concepts

1. Foundational Principle: The rule of law is presented as a core, perhaps the most foundational principle of the English legal system and the wider UK constitutional system. It's described as "arguably...the most foundational principle." This underlines its significance in shaping how the legal system operates.
2. Theoretical and Difficult to Define: The source acknowledges that the rule of law is a highly theoretical concept, making it challenging to define precisely. It notes that there hasn't been any attempt to define the concept in a single sentence, and most legal scholars instead focus on characterising it as a system of principles rather than a single codified definition. This difficulty in pinpointing a definition doesn't diminish its importance, but underscores its complexity.
3. Core Principles: Despite the difficulty in precise definition, the source outlines some core principles generally associated with the rule of law:

• Accountability and Subjection to the Law: "All people are both subjected to the law and that they are accountable to the law." The rule of law means everyone is subject to and answerable to the law.
• Fairness and Proper Enforcement: The law should be "fair and properly enforced." This highlights the need for just application of the law, not just its existence.
• Punishment According to Law: "Punishment and sanction...done in accordance with the law and not done on some arbitrary basis." This stresses the importance of due process and legal justification for any state sanctions.
• Equality Before the Law: "Law represents equality...applied to everybody equally" and "nobody is above the law." This principle ensures that the law applies to everyone, regardless of their status or position, so long as they are within the relevant jurisdiction. The source gives the example of company law applying equally to all company owners.
• Clarity of Law: "Law must be clear for those to understand it." This indicates that laws should be accessible and understandable to the general public.

1. The Rule of Law and the Nature of Law: There is the consideration that a law failing to adhere to the basic principles of the rule of law may not be "law" at all. It is a question of "ontology about what law actually is" that "some argue that law doesn't exist where the rule of law doesn't exist". This suggests the rule of law is not just an aspirational ideal but a foundational element that gives "law" its validity. The source highlights that a law applied unfairly or in a discriminatory fashion would be a "substantial violation of the rule of law".
2. The Tension between Law and Equity: The historical tension between the common law and principles of equity is raised to highlight the need for fairness and justice. The source explains that equity developed to rectify "unfair or unjust outcomes" where the common law was correctly applied but led to unjust outcomes. "Equity could maybe step in to rectify and to balance out some of the unfair potentially unjust outcomes of the common law." This historical tension shows how the English legal system has grappled with the need to balance legal procedure with concepts of fairness. The text notes that the subsequent judicature acts have seen a fusion of law and equity.
3. Rule of Law in Law Making: The rule of law is not just about the application of law, but also how laws are created. "The rule of law is a principle which permeates the process of law making, not just the application of legal principles". This point highlights that new laws should be made in accordance with the principles of the rule of law.

• Democratic Mandate: The dominance of the House of Commons, with its democratic mandate derived from election, is presented as aligned with the rule of law and democratic principles. "The government in the House of Commons democratically proposing new bills is considered to be something of a of a rule of law principle". The source notes that the fact the government holds a majority in the House of Commons "suggests that the wills of the people collectively support the government in their decisions".
• Power Dynamic: The greater power of the elected House of Commons compared to the unelected House of Lords is seen as consistent with the rule of law because "it would probably be seen as something of a violation of or contravention of the rule of law if the House of Lords was significantly more powerful than the House of Commons given the fact that the Lords are unelected".

Quotes and Supporting Evidence:

• "The concept of the rule of law is the most foundational principle of the of the English legal system and potentially the the constitutional system that exists within England and Wales."
• "We can't have a very specific and niche definition of the rule of law."
• "All people are both subjected to the law and that they are accountable to the law."
• "The punishment and sanction of an individual by the state should not be done on the basis of some kind of arbitrary rule or the whims of a particular leader within government."
• "Law represents equality it means that it is applied to everybody equally."
• "Nobody is above the law".
• "Law must be clear for those to understand it."
• "The rule of law is a principle which permeates the process of law making not just the application of legal principles".
• "The party with the largest majority in the House of Commons therefore has the mandate to propose the creation of new legislation."

Conclusion

The rule of law is presented as a complex yet essential concept within the English legal system. While difficult to define with precision, its core principles emphasize equality, accountability, fairness, clarity, and due process. The source makes it clear the rule of law is a foundational principle that impacts both the application and the creation of law. The discussion highlights the importance of the rule of law as a guiding principle for any legal system aiming to be just and legitimate. The source indicates that this is just an initial discussion and the rule of law will be discussed further in subsequent lectures.

Hukukun Üstünlüğü (İngiliz Hukuk Sistemi)

Giriş:

Bu brifing belgesi, İngiliz hukuk sisteminde temel bir kavram olan hukukun üstünlüğünü ele almaktadır. Kaynak, hukukun üstünlüğünün, İngiltere ve Galler'deki hukuk sisteminin ve potansiyel olarak Birleşik Krallık'taki anayasal sistemin en temel ilkesi olduğunu belirtmektedir. Ayrıca, bu kavramın teorik yapısı ve kesin bir tanımının zorluğu vurgulanmaktadır.

Temel Temalar ve Fikirler:

• Hukukun Üstünlüğünün Tanımlanmasındaki Zorluk: Hukukun üstünlüğü, karmaşık ve teorik bir kavram olduğundan kesin bir tanım yapmak zordur. Hukukçular ve anayasa teorisyenleri, hukukun üstünlüğünü tek bir cümleyle tanımlamak yerine, onu bir dizi ilke olarak karakterize etmeye çalışırlar.
• Kaynaktan Alıntı: "because it is difficult and Incredibly theoretical it means that the definition of the rule of law as a basic principle within the United Kingdom or specifically within England and Wales is difficult to Define we can't have a very specific and niche definition of the rule of law"
• Hukukun Üstünlüğünün Temel Unsurları: Genel olarak, hukukun üstünlüğü, tüm insanların hukuka tabi olması ve hukuka karşı sorumlu olması gerektiği görüşünü kapsar. Hukukun adil ve düzgün bir şekilde uygulanması beklenir.
• Kaynaktan Alıntı: "we can really broadly understand the rule of law as encapsulating the view that all people are both subjected to the law and that they are accountable to the law as well and that the law in this regard ought to be uh fair and properly enforced"
• Eşitlik İlkesi: Hukukun üstünlüğü, hukukun herkese eşit olarak uygulanmasını ve hiç kimsenin hukukun üzerinde olmamasını gerektirir. Ancak, hukukun belirli alanlarının (örneğin şirketler hukuku) yalnızca belirli gruplara uygulanabileceği unutulmamalıdır.
• Kaynaktan Alıntı: "law represents equality it means that it is applied to everybody equally and it is applied to everybody um regardless of what position you are in within the particular legal system this encapsulates the view that nobody is above the law"
• Adalet ve Açıklık: Hukukun adil ve anlaşılır olması gerekir. Karmaşık ve anlaşılması zor yasalar, hukukun üstünlüğüne aykırı olabilir.
• Kaynaktan Alıntı: "La there's one idea here that law must be clear for those to understand it if the law is convoluted and complicated such that the an ordinary individual cannot understand what you are supposed to do then this seems to be a violation of the rule of law"
• Hukukun Üstünlüğü ve Yasa Yapma Süreci: Hukukun üstünlüğü ilkesi, yalnızca hukukun uygulanmasında değil, aynı zamanda yasa yapma sürecinde de geçerlidir. Parlamentoda yasa tasarılarının hazırlanması ve kabul edilmesi, hukukun üstünlüğü ilkelerine uygun olarak gerçekleştirilmelidir.
• Kaynaktan Alıntı: "when we look at the principles of the rule of law we have to think about how the rule of law is a principle which permeates the process of law making not just the application of legal principles"
• Demokrasi ve Parlamentonun Rolü: Halk tarafından seçilen hükümetin, yasa tasarılarını önerme yetkisine sahip olması, hukukun üstünlüğü ilkesinin demokratik yönünü yansıtmaktadır. Avam Kamarası'nın (House of Commons), atanmış üyelerden oluşan Lordlar Kamarası'ndan (House of Lords) daha güçlü olması da bu ilkeyle uyumludur.
• Kaynaktan Alıntı: "the idea that there is an inherent link between the rule of law and basic principles of democracy the party with the largest majority in the House of Commons therefore has the mandate to propose the creation of new legislation"
• "Equity" Kavramı: Hukukun doğru uygulanmasına rağmen adaletsiz sonuçlar doğurabileceği durumlarda, "equity" kavramı devreye girerek bu tür adaletsizlikleri gidermeyi amaçlar.

Sonuç:

Hukukun üstünlüğü, İngiliz hukuk sisteminin temel bir ilkesidir. Ancak, karmaşıklığı ve teorik yapısı nedeniyle kesin bir tanım yapmak zordur. Bu ilke, hukukun herkese eşit uygulanmasını, adil ve anlaşılır olmasını, yasa yapma sürecinde de geçerli olmasını ve demokratik değerleri desteklemesini gerektirir.